The information provided below updates and replaces the previous report[1]. The 2024 report Mangroves and associated communities of Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia: change in extent 1955-1997-2012-2016-2021[2] extends the period to include 1955-1997-2012-2021.

Intertidal ecosystems, including mangrove and saltmarsh communities, provide significant social, cultural, economic and ecological values.

While these communities are currently protected under legislation, they are vulnerable to impacts from coastal development as well as from changes to natural processes such as siltation, nutrient runoff and climate.

Mangrove communities have increased in area by 1,519 ha (10.9%) between 1955 and 2021 whereas saltmarsh communities (including samphire, marine couch and claypan) have lost 6,670 ha (70.4%) of their 1955 extent. Casuarina glauca communities have lost 425 ha (20.5%) of their area during the same period. The spatial extent of each mangrove and associated community are described for the period from 1955 to 2021.

The mangrove and associated communities within Moreton Bay area, Southeast Queensland, have been mapped to the same consistent standards and protocols twice over the last forty years[9][4]. These studies were based on 1974 aerial photographs and 1997 digital ortho photographs respectively. The same mapping classification and scale was applied in the above two studies providing a consistent baseline for monitoring the mangrove and associated communities of Moreton Bay. The floristic and structural classification used in these studies provides an important baseline to assess and quantify changes at a species level within mangrove communities as well as their distribution across Moreton Bay.

This study documents when and where these changes have occurred. To determine changes in the inter-tidal mangrove and associated communities a program of monitoring of these dynamic communities over time has been established. This program assesses both the health and the changes within the mangrove and associated communities within Moreton Bay. In addition to a snapshot in time, longer temporal changes need also to be monitored so that any changes can be understood and put into context. This report documents the change in extent of each mangrove and associated community from 1955 to 2021 for Moreton Bay. Supported by the 1955, 1974[9], 1997[4], and the more recent 2012, 2016 and 2021 mapping, the extent of the Moreton Bay mangrove and associated communities over this time period have been established.

The Dowling and Stephens[4] coastal wetland vegetation classification established a fine scale (some polygon areas are below 1000 square metres) suitable to 1:10 000 scale mapping detailing the structural and floristic variations that cannot be depicted at the 1:25 000 to 1:50 000 scale mapping currently presented in the Regional Ecosystems mapping of Queensland. These units equate to vegetation communities nesting within the existing regional ecosystems. The classification has been extended to incorporate condition and dieback of the different communities. The coastal wetland vegetation mapping delineates the wetland vegetation community extent for 1955, 1997, 2012, 2016 and 2021 using the relevant imagery and photo-pattern of the specific year to capture both the natural dynamics of these communities as well as the impacts of anthropogenic disturbance. This method has many similarities to the Regional Ecosystem mapping methodology[8], but differs in that pre-clearing vegetation communities are not mapped and therefore the classification of vegetation communities from the 1950's to 2021 doesn't always relate to the pre-clearing state. The Regional Ecosystem mapping methodology[8], maps and classifies the pre-clearing regional ecosystem extent, the 1997 remnant extent, and the remnant extent every two years thereafter through to 2021 remnant extent.

Table 1. Mangrove, Saltmarsh, Casuarina glauca and Associated Communities extent over time

Community Type	Description	1955 (ha)	1997 (ha)	2012 (ha)	2016 (ha)	2020 (ha)	2021 (ha)
Mangrove communities
1A(i) RE: 12.1.3a	Aegiceras corniculatum closed-scrub, open-scrub, low closed-scrub, low open-scrub	602	533	527	527	527	526
1B(i) RE: 12.1.3b	Avicennia marina subsp. australasica closed-forest, open-forest, woodland, low closed-forest, low open-forest, low woodland, low open-woodland	3640	4713	5007	5008	5046	5043
1B(i)D RE: 12.1.3g	Dieback impacted: Avicennia marina subsp. australasica closed-forest, open-forest, woodland, low closed-forest, low open-forest, low woodland, low open-woodland	0	1.3	13	4	9.2	10.8
1B(ii)a RE: 12.1.3b	Avicennia marina subsp. australasica closed-scrub, open-scrub	4127	3868	4008	3944	3926	3907
1B(ii)aD RE: 12.1.3g	Dieback impacted: Avicennia marina subsp. australasica closed-scrub, open-scrub that are dying. For example, due to waterlogging	12.4	71.4	20.9	22.8	41	78.4
1B(ii)b RE: 12.1.3b	Avicennia marina subsp. australasica tall shrubland, tall open-shrubland	1021	1488	1667	1707	1723	1711
1B(ii)bD RE: 12.1.3g	Dieback impacted: Avicennia marina subsp. australasica tall shrubland, tall open-shrubland that are dying	0	0	0.5	3.1	3.4	3.8
1B(iii) RE: 12.1.3b	Avicennia marina subsp. Australasica low open-scrub, low shrubland, low open-shrubland	1151	983	900	976	1098	1095
1B(iii)D RE: 12.1.3g	Dieback impacted: Avicennia marina subsp. Australasica low open-scrub, low shrubland, low open-shrubland that are dying	0	0	0	0.7	1.0	4.8
1C(i) RE: 12.1.3c	Bruguiera gymnorhiza closed-forest, open-forest, low closed-forest, low open-forest	9	9	9	9	9	9
1C(i)D RE: 12.1.3g	Dieback impacted: Bruguiera gymnorhiza closed-forest, open-forest, low closed-forest, low open-forest that are dying	0	0	0.9	0	0	0
1C(ii) RE: 12.1.3c	Bruguiera gymnorhiza - Casuarina glauca closed-forest, open-forest	3	3	3	3	3	3
1D(i) RE: 12.1.3d	Ceriops australis closed-scrub, open-scrub, tall shrubland, tall open-shrubland	896	894	801	797	793	793
1D(i)D RE: 12.1.3g	Dieback impacted: Ceriops australis closed-scrub, open-scrub, tall shrubland, tall open-shrubland that are dying	0	0	10.6	12.9	12.9	12.9
1D(ii) RE: 12.1.3d	Ceriops australis low open-scrub, low shrubland, low open-shrubland	477	362	360	347	347	348
1D(ii)D RE: 12.1.3g	Dieback impacted: Ceriops australis low open-scrub, low shrubland, low open-shrubland that are dying	0	0	15.7	8.3	8	7.1
1E(i) RE: 12.1.3e	Rhizophora stylosa closed-scrub, open-scrub, tall shrubland, tall open-shrubland	835	800	833	820	831	831
1E(i)D RE: 12.1.3g	Dieback impacted: Rhizophora stylosa closed-scrub, open-scrub, tall shrubland, tall open-shrubland that are dying	0	0	1.1	12.4	0.4	0.4
1F(i) RE: 12.1.3a/12.1.3e/12.1.3c	Aegiceras corniculatum - Avicennia marina subsp. australasica - Rhizophora stylosa - Bruguiera gymnorhiza closed-scrub, open-scrub, low closed-scrub, low open-scrub	184	149	150	150	151	151
1F(ii) RE: 12.1.3b/12.1.3a	Avicennia marina subsp. australasica - Aegiceras corniculatum closed-scrub, open-scrub	1005	1022	1050	1048	1052	1052
1F(ii)D RE: 12.1.3g	Dieback impacted: Avicennia marina subsp. australasica - Aegiceras corniculatum closed-scrub, open-scrub that are dying	0	0	2	2.1	1.2	1.2
Total Mangrove (Live)		13950	14824	15315	15336	15506	15469
Saltmarsh communities (including samphire, marine couch and claypan)
2 RE: 12.1.2	Claypan of marine clay. Usually devoid of vegetation	2990	1632	1437	1349	1262	1258
3A(i) RE: 12.1.2	Salicornia spp. - Suaeda australis - Suaeda arbusculoides succulent shrubland to open-succulent shrubland	1406	579	423	408	375	374
4A(i) RE: 12.1.2	Sporobolus virginicus closed grassland, grassland	5004	1717	1249	1163	1085	1084
4B(i) RE: 12.3.8	Paspalum vaginatum closed grassland, grassland	4	3	3	2	2	2
4C(i) RE: 12.3.8	Phragmites australis closed grassland, grassland	66	112	93	94	82	82
4D(i) RE: 12.1.2	Triglochin striatum - Sporobolus virginicus closed grassland, grassland	0	22	0	0	0	0
Total saltmarsh		9470	4065	3205	3016	2806	2800
Casuarina glauca communities
5A(i)a RE: 12.1.1	Casuarina glauca open-forest, woodland	469	740	837	852	837	837
5A(i)aD	Dieback impacted: Casuarina glauca open-forest, woodland that are dying	0	0.4	12.8	19.5	52.7	52.7
5A(i)b RE: 12.1.1	Casuarina glauca open-woodland	89	36	72	67	63	63
5A(i)bD	Dieback impacted: Casuarina glauca open-woodland that are dying	0	0	0	1.3	5	4.9
5A(ii)a RE: 12.1.1	Casuarina glauca low open-forest, low woodland	808	512	380	397	406	407
5A(ii)aD	Dieback impacted: Casuarina glauca low open-forest, low woodland that are dying	0	5.7	2.4	2.5	14.1	14.1
5A(ii)b RE: 12.1.1	Casuarina glauca low open-woodland	475	128	108	88	87	87
5A(ii)bD	Dieback impacted: Casuarina glauca low open-woodland that are dying	0	1.8	7.3	10.1	8.5	8.5
5B(i) RE: 12.1.1/12.3.5	Casuarina glauca - Melaleuca quinquenervia open-forest, woodland, low open-forest	157	202	180	184	186	185
5B(ii) RE: 12.1.1/12.3.5	Casuarina glauca - Melaleuca quinquenervia open-forest, low open-forest (dying)	56	41	34	34	34	34
5C(ii) RE: 12.1.1/12.1.3b	Casuarina glauca - Avicennia marina subsp. australasica  low open-forest	9	7	6	5	5	5
5C(iii) RE: 12.1.1/12.1.3b/12.1.3a	Casuarina glauca - Avicennia marina subsp. australasica - Aegiceras corniculatum open-forest, woodland	8	13	26	28	28	28
6A(i)# RE: 12.2.15	Juncus kraussii- Baloskion pallens closed-sedgeland, sedgeland
Total Casuarina glauca (Live)		2071	1679	1643	1655	1646	1646
Other
9#	Other non-wetland vegetation communities or rural/urban areas, cleared, plantation
Water
10A(i)b Free standing water – saline and brackish RE: 12.1.3f		190	229	247	275	252	253
Total		25681	20797	20410	20282	20210	20168
# Not monitored or not in the study area

Changes in extent of mangrove communities from 1955 to 2021

• 10,909 ha were stable
• 3,041 ha were lost, either changing to another community type or being lost due to anthropogenic causes
  • 1,065 ha were lost by changing to another community type
  • 1,976 ha were lost due to anthropogenic causes
• 4,560 ha were gained by encroachment into other communities or onto newly established sediments
  • 3,795 ha were gained by encroachment into other communities
  • 765 ha were gained by encroachment into newly established sediments
• Some mangrove community types have increased where others have decreased
• 1,519 ha overall net gain of mangroves, and
• the net rate of mangrove encroachment into saltmarsh and Casuarina glauca communities was 50% lower in the later period of 1997-2012 in comparison to the earlier period of 1955-1997.

Changes in extent of mangrove communities from 2016 to 2021

• During the period 2016-2021 there was net gain of 164 ha of mangrove communities in Moreton Bay. That is 40 ha loss of mangrove communities (32%) losses due to anthropogenic causes (e.g. roads) mainly in Brisbane City government area (75%) predominantly due to road works. Mangrove losses due to change to other community type such as: free standing water – saline and brackish community 47%, saltmarsh communities 21% and Casuarina glauca communities 0.2%.
• During this period 204 ha of mangrove communities were gained by encroachment into: saltmarsh communities 93% gain; free standing water – saline and brackish community 22% gain; Casuarina glauca communities 4% gain; and other 3% gain. These mangrove communities gained by encroachment into other communities occurred in the Moreton Bay Regional 16%, Brisbane City 24%, Gold Coast 16%, Redland 12% and Sunshine Coast 5%.

Changes in extent of saltmarsh communities including samphire, marine couch and claypan from 1955 to 2021

• Moreton Bay saltmarsh communities are part of the subtropical and temperate coastal saltmarsh ecological communities that are listed as vulnerable under the Commonwealth EPBC Act 1999
• 2,345 ha were stable
• 7,223 ha either changed to another community type or were lost due to anthropogenic causes
• 553 ha were gained by dieback of other community types or in newly formed sediment areas
• There was a large decrease across all the saltmarsh community types
• There was a 6,670 ha overall net loss, and
• Saltmarsh community invasion by mangrove and Casuarina glauca communities was 3,159 ha in the 1955–1997 period in comparison to 824, 163 and 226 ha in the periods 1997–2012, 2012–2016 and 2016-2021 respectively.

Changes in extent of saltmarsh communities including samphire, marine couch and claypan from 2016 to 2021

• During the period 2016-2021 there was 226 ha loss and 28 ha gain leading to a net loss of 198 ha of Saltmarsh communities in Moreton Bay. That is 83.2% loss due to mangrove communities’ encroachment; 8.3% by encroachment of Casuarina glauca communities; 7.2% as a result of ponding and changing to free standing water – saline and brackish community and 2% losses due to anthropogenic causes mainly roads. Loss occurred in the Moreton Bay Regional 40%,
  Gold Coast 28% Brisbane City 20%, Redland 8%, and Sunshine Coast 3% local government areas.
• 28 ha of saltmarsh community gain were as a result of encroachment: free standing water – saline and brackish community 33% gain, Casuarina glauca communities 30.4% gain, mangrove communities 29.2% gain, and other 7.1% gain.

Changes in extent of Casuarina glauca communities from 1955 to 2021

• Moreton Bay Casuarina glauca communities are part of the Forest of New South Wales and South East Queensland ecological communities that are listed as Endangered under the Commonwealth EPBC Act 1999
• 963 ha were stable
• 1,106 ha either changed to another community type or were lost due to anthropogenic causes
• 681 ha were gained by encroachment
• some Casuarina glauca communities have decreased in area where others increased
• 425 ha overall net loss
• Casuarina glauca communities’ encroachment into mangrove and saltmarsh communities was 459 ha in the 1955-1997 period in comparison to 179, 33 and 25 ha in the periods 1997–2012, 2012–2016 and 2016 respectively.

Changes in extent of Casuarina glauca communities from 2016 to 2021

• During the period 2016-2021 there was 15.2 ha losses and 49 ha gain leading to a net gain of 34 ha, of Casuarina glauca communities in Moreton Bay. That is, loss of Casuarina glauca communities due to; 56.1% loss, and encroachment of saltmarsh communities, 14.9% loss, and encroachment of other grasses and Melaleuca spp., 14.4% loss, and mangrove communities’ encroachment, 10.1% loss due to anthropogenic causes, and 4.6% loss, and ponding and free standing water – saline and brackish community. The loss of Casuarina glauca communities have occurred mainly in Gold Coast (63%), Moreton Bay (24%) and Brisbane (9%) local government areas.
• 49 ha gain by encroachment: other grasses and Melaleuca spp. communities 58% gain, saltmarsh 41% gain, and mangrove communities and free standing water – saline and brackish community 1% gain. The gain Casuarina glaucacommunities have occurred mainly in Gold Coast (68%), Moreton Bay (21%) and Sunshine coast (4%) local government areas.

Moreton Bay Mangrove Monitoring Program and Report Cards

A program to monitor the mangroves and associated communities within Moreton Bay was established in 2011. This program includes two phases: the first being an extent change in mangrove and associated communities’ assessment detailed in Volume 1[2]. The second phase, being the establishment of a network of permanent monitoring plots in Moreton Bay as a basis to monitor on-ground, structural and floristic changes within the mangrove, saltmarsh and claypan communities detailed in Volume 2[3].

This program of mangrove and associated communities’ structure and floristics assessment is unique in providing a temporal long-term on-ground site-based monitoring of both the health and the changes within mangrove and associated communities across Moreton Bay, including a full floristic and structural assessment of these communities. Mangrove and their associated communities are essential for both fisheries production as well as for coastal and marine health. While these communities are currently protected from development and destruction under the Fisheries Act 1994, they are vulnerable to effects from adjacent onshore developments (anthropogenic) as well as from natural causes such as siltation, runoff and climate change induced effects (such as more severe droughts and sea level rise). The evaluation of blue carbon has lifted the profile of mangrove and other coastal and intertidal zone communities for their capacity to store large amounts of carbon and to mitigate increasing levels of carbon in the atmosphere[6][7].

The network of permanent monitoring plots that has been set up as part of this program, has been revisited every three years. There are 24 plots within the Bay, which were first surveyed in 1997 by Dowling and Stephens[5] as part of the Southeast Queensland Coastal Plan. These include 12 plots on the mainland and 12 plots on islands within Moreton Bay. The plots are distributed across Moreton Bay from Tripcony Bight in the north to Coomera Island in the south. Following the first period of monitoring from 2011 to 2013, it was concluded that the communities that are most endangered are the saltmarsh communities[1]. This led to the establishment of seven additional permanent monitoring plots in saltmarsh communities across Moreton Bay. This Report[3], documents change in the structural and floristic composition of the mangroves and associated communities across the Bay at two levels. The assessment is first done at the vegetation communities level, followed by an assessment at the site-specific level, producing individual report cards for each of the 31 Queensland Biodiversity Ecological Information System (QBEIS) monitoring plots (previously known as CORVEG plots). A map showing site locations across the bay is presented below.

 

 

Report cards

The report cards provide details of:

[8]

• Full floristics details by strata as recorded for QBEIS plots (50 m x 10 m) (for further details see Neldner et al. 2023[8]).
• Crown Cover, recorded using the line intercept method.
• Projected Foliage Cover (PFC) recorded using a densitometer.
• Measurement of tree heights and Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) to calculate biomass using multi-stem allometric equations.
• Measurement of pneumatophore height, girth and density within the QBEIS plots.
• Measurement of the recruitment of canopy species as well as other shrub and ground species.
• Soil surface elevations were measured along the centre line of the plots, and in some cases beyond the boundary of the plot, at 10 m intervals.
• Eight photographs, taken at 0⁰, 45⁰, 90⁰, 135⁰, 180⁰, 225⁰, 270⁰ and 315⁰ to the alignment of the plot, were taken at 0 m and at 25 m interval along the centre line of the plot.

This study has established an individual report card for each site while assessing the condition of each site against similar sites with the same vegetation classification and the same structural formation. The monitoring in Avicennia marina subsp. australasica communities has highlighted mainly healthy communities with only a few sites of poor condition. More, of concern sites, were found in the Ceriops australis, marine couch and saltmarsh communities than elsewhere.

All the saltmarsh and marine couch sites showed evidence of invasion by Avicennia marina subsp. australasica and/or Casuarina glauca in either the emergent layer, tree layer, shrub layer or the ground layer. The density and the occurrence of the Avicennia marina subsp. australasica and Casuarina glauca has shown to be increasing over time. The shrub layers, in all but one site, show change in species composition over time. All sites have shown species composition changes over time in the ground layer. The ground layer species mainly have combinations of Suaeda arbusculoides, Suaeda australis, Salicornia quinqueflora subsp. quinqueflora, Sporobolus virginicus, Sesuvium portulacastrum, Tecticornia halocnemoides and Avicennia marina subsp. australasica. During the wetter years a larger diversity of ground species was recorded including the occurrence of Juncus kraussii and Fimbristylis polytrichoides in some of the sites and the rare occurrence of Schinus terebinthifolius, Myoporum debile and Aegiceras corniculatum at site Lota 3. In some of saltmarsh and marine couch sites, the soil levels have remained unchanged whereas in other sites the soil levels have shown considerable erosion over time.

Further information is available in the Volume 2 report[3].

Report cards are available below, ordered by vegetation community type:

A1. Avicennia marina subsp. australasica communities 1B(i) report card

• Short Island (site ID = 658071) Low Woodland
• Epraphah Ck (site ID = 658094) Low Closed Forest
• Beachmere Caboolture (site ID = 659089) Low Closed Forest
• Hays Inlet Doyles Rocks (site ID = 659096) Low Closed Forest
• Nudgee Beach (site ID = 659144) Low Closed Forest
• Crab Island (site ID = CRAB1) Low Closed Forest
• Hays Inlet Doyles Rocks (site ID = 659095) Low Open Forest
• St Helena (site ID = 659122) Low Open Forest
• Nudgee Beach (site ID = 659143) Low Open Forest
• Coomera Island (site ID = Coomera-Is) Open Forest

A2. Avicennia marina subsp. australasica communities 1B(ii)a report card

• Coomera (Site ID = 658026) Open Shrubland
• Coomera (site ID = 658027) Close Shrubland

A3. Avicennia marina subsp. australasica communities 1B(ii)b report card

• Kangaroo Island (site ID = 658060) Tall Shrubland
• Tripcony Bight (site ID = 660182) Tall Shrubland
• Russell Island (site ID = 658108) Tall Open Shrubland

A4. Avicennia marina subsp. australasica communities 1B(iii) report card

• Eden Island (site ID = 658067) Tall Shrubland
• Beachmere Caboolture (site ID = 659092) Open Shrubland

B1. Ceriops australis communities 1D(i) report card

• Un-named Island south of Tabby Tabby (site ID = 658062) Closed Shrubland
• Mosquito Island (site ID = 658063) Closed Shrubland
• Pannikin Island (site ID = 658084) Closed Shrubland

B2. Ceriops australis communities 1D(ii) report card

• Pannikin Island (site ID = 658085) Low Shrubland
• Beachmere Caboolture (site ID = 659091) Tall Open Shrubland

C1. Claypan, communities 2 report card

• North Deception Bay (site ID = 659107) Claypan

D1.Saltmarsh and Marine Couch, communities 3A(i) and 4A(i) report card

• Eden Island (site ID = 658065) Saltmarsh and Marine Couch
• Tinchi Tamba 1 (site ID = 659151) Saltmarsh and Marine Couch
• Tinchi Tamba 2 (site ID = Tinchi2) Saltmarsh and Marine Couch
• Lota Creek 1 (site ID = Lota1) Saltmarsh and Marine Couch
• Lota Creek 2 (site ID = Lota2) Saltmarsh and Marine Couch
• Lota Creek 3 (site ID = Lota3) Saltmarsh and Marine Couch
• Boondall 1 (site ID = Boondall1) Saltmarsh and Marine Couch
• Boondall 2 (site ID = Boondall2) Saltmarsh and Marine Couch

Additional information

• Coastal Wetlands of South East Queensland: Mapping and Survey 2001
• The Mangrove Vegetation of Moreton Bay 1986
• Methodology for surveying and mapping regional ecosystems and vegetation communities in Queensland - Version 7.0

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References

1. ^ a b Accad, A, Li, J, Dowling, R & Guymer, G (2016), Mangrove and associated communities of Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia: change in extent 1955-1997-2012. [online], Queensland Herbarium, Brisbane. Available at: https://www.publications.qld.gov.au/dataset/mangrove-and-associated-communities-of-moreton-bay.
2. ^ a b c Accad, A, Li, J, Dowling, R & Kelley, J (2024a), Mangrove and associated communities of Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia: change in extent and floristic assessment 1955-1997-2012-2016-2021. [online], Queensland Herbarium and Biodiversity Science, Department of Environment, Science and Innovation. Available at: https://qldgov.softlinkhosting.com.au/liberty/opac/search.do?mode=BASIC&modeRadio=TITLE&=AUTHOR&=TITLE&queryTerm=Intertidal%20communities%20of%20Moreton%20Bay%2C%20Queensland%2C%20Australia%20%3A%20Volume%201&=BASIC&operator=AND&timeScale=ANY_TIME&activeMenuItem=false.
3. ^ a b c d Accad, A, Dowling, R, Li, J & Kelley, J (2024b), Mangrove and associated communities of Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia: Volume 2: Mangrove and associated communities’ structure and floristics assessment 2011-2023. [online], Queensland Herbarium and Biodiversity Science, Department of Environment, Science and Innovation. Available at: https://qldgov.softlinkhosting.com.au/liberty/opac/search.do?mode=BASIC&modeRadio=TITLE&=AUTHOR&=TITLE&queryTerm=Intertidal%20communities%20of%20Moreton%20Bay%2C%20Queensland%2C%20Australia%20%3A%20Volume%202&=BASIC&operator=AND&timeScale=ANY_TIME&activeMenuItem=false.
4. ^ a b c Dowling, R & Stephens, K (2001), Coastal Wetlands of South East Queensland. mapping and Survey, February 2001., vol. 1, Queensland Government Environmental Protection Agency, Brisbane.
5. ^ Dowling, RM & Stephens, KM (2002), 'Changes in the area of mangroves and the health of coastal wetlands in south-east Queensland', Landscape Health of Queensland, pp. 87-97, Royal Society of Qld, eds. A J Franks, J Playford & A Shapcott.
6. ^ Kelleway, JJ, Serrano, O, Baldock, JA, Burgess, R, Cannard, T, Lavery, PS, Lovelock, CE, Macreadie, PI, Masqué, P, Newnham, M, Saintilan, N & Steven, ADL (July 2020), 'A national approach to greenhouse gas abatement through blue carbon management', Global Environmental Change. [online], vol. 63, p. 102083. Available at: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959378019304017 [Accessed 10 November 2020].
7. ^ Lovelock, CE, Adame, MF, Bradley, J, Dittmann, S, Hagger, V, Hickey, SM, Hutley, L, Jones, A, Kelleway, JJ, Lavery, P, Macreadie, PI, Maher, DT, McGinley, S, McGlashan, A, Perry, S, Mosley, L, Rogers, K & Sippo, JZ (26 May 2022), 'An Australian blue carbon method to estimate climate change mitigation benefits of coastal wetland restoration', Restoration Ecology. [online] Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/rec.13739 [Accessed 16 June 2022].
8. ^ a b c d Neldner, VJ, Wilson, BA, Dillewaard, HA, Ryan, TS, Butler, DW, McDonald, WJF, Richter, D, Addicott, EP & Appelman, CN (2023), Methodology for surveying and mapping regional ecosystems and vegetation communities in Queensland - Version 7.0. [online], p. 143, Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment and Science. Available at: https://www.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0033/459186/methodology-mapping-surveying-v7.pdf.
9. ^ a b R.M. Dowling (1986), The Mangrove Vegetation of Moreton Bay, vol. 6, Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane.

Last updated: 20 June 2024