Ceriops-dominated mangroves

Long description

Mangrove forest dominated by Ceriops australis or Ceriops tagal, typically on the landward/saltpan margin of mangrove communities. Occurs on Quaternary estuarine deposits, on intertidal flats which are often dissected by tidal streams. Soils are usually deep saline clays[11] and can be hypersaline. Only inundated on the spring tides that occur once or twice per month[6].

Mangroves are not a taxonomically unified group, but rather an ecological group that arose through convergent evolution and includes several different families. They are characterised by trees that are adapted to tolerate tidal inundation. Ceriops spp. excludes salts through its roots as water is taken up, and also concentrates salt in bark and older leaves for removal when the bark and leaves fall.

Special values

Mangrove communities provide a wide variety of services, including:

• physical coastal protection from erosion and flooding
• sediment trapping
• primary production (nutrient uptake)
• food, shelter and breeding areas for a wide range of fauna including birds, water mouse (Xeromys myoides) (landward margin), fish, crustaceans and other invertebrates[7][2][12][5][9].

These highly-specialised trees support a range of animals, by way of the protected low energy waters with structural elements such as the buttresses of Ceriops spp., together with the underlying soft muddy substrates. The Ceriops buttresses are a distinguishing features of this genus and water mouse nests have been recorded in association with these structures. Other fauna generally supported by mangrove forests include many fish (mangrove jack, barramundi, snapper, blue threadfin, sea mullet, bream) and crustaceans (banana prawn, king prawn, pistol shrimp, fiddler crab, mud crab, mud lobster), mangrove oysters, polychaete worms, estuarine crocodiles, snakes and monitors (white-bellied mangrove snakes, little file snake, sea snake, mangrove monitor, rusty monitor).

Many birds and mammals are also supported by mangroves including Australian white ibis, royal spoonbill, pied cormorant, little black cormorant, striated (mangrove) heron, eastern reef-egret, great-billed heron, whimbrel, chestnut rail, Brahminy kite, white-bellied sea-eagle little kingfisher, collared (mangrove) kingfisher, mangrove robin, mangrove golden whistler, white-breasted whistler, broad-billed flycatcher; shining flycatcher, mangrove gerygone, red-headed honeyeater, varied honeyeater, black butcherbird, Australian pied imperial pigeon and flying foxes (black, little red, grey-headed).

Diagnostic attributes

Inundation 'Intertidal – Lower low', 'Intertidal – Mid low', 'Intertidal – Upper low', 'Intertidal – Low undifferentiated', 'Intertidal – Lower medium', 'Intertidal – Upper-medium', 'Intertidal – Medium undifferentiated', 'Intertidal – High', 'Intertidal – Undifferentiated', 'Intertidal – High undifferentiated' although mangroves usually occur at mean sea level and above

Structural macrobiota 'Mangroves – Ceriops'

Qualifiers

Period and Trend are relevant as Ceriops spp. exists on the boundary between mangrove and saltmarsh. This boundary responds to changes in hydrological conditions over time (e.g. tidal Inundation/sea level rise, freshwater, salinity, catchment modifications etc.) as it is tolerant to low moisture and high salinities, for example in Moreton Bay[10].

Relevant attributes associated with change (e.g. mangrove dieback) in Moreton Bay include Freshwater source, Freshwater volume and Trace elements/nutrients.

Relevant attributes associated with change for Gulf of Carpentaria include Inundation (sea level changes associated with extreme weather events)[4][8].

Distribution

Environmental influences of mangroves include Inundation, wave energy, soils (waterlogging, unstable and oxygen-deficient), drainage and nutrient levels. Some species are more suited to each of these conditions that others, which has led to the clear zonation in mangrove forests. Ceriops tagal grows throughout the Indo-Pacific and is found across northern Australia from the Tweed River in New South Wales to Broome in Western Australia[3].

The following relates to distribution of this ecosystem type within the Central Queensland mapping area:

• Particularly important fisheries habitat from Round Hill Head to Tin Can Inlet, in term of productivity, includes the Kolan, Elliott, Burrum, Mary and Susan rivers, Baffle and Kauri creeks, Great Sandy Strait and Tin Can Inlet. The smaller Broadwater, Littabella and Beelbi creeks are also important in terms of habitat diversity and connectivity with the larger nearby systems (Baffle Creek, and the Kolan and Burrum rivers)[1].
• Unmapped areas occur within terrestrial Bioregion 12. Ceriops spp. or Avicennia marina typically dominate higher energy areas from Tin Can Inlet to Round Hill Head, with mixed communities landward. In low energy waters from Tin Can Inlet to Round Hill Head, there are typically closed Ceriops/Avicennia forests landward of closed Rhizophora forests[1].

Comments

Other relevant attributes include Consolidation, Energy and Sediment texture as Ceriops spp. typically grow on unconsolidated muds and fine sediments in low energy environments.

Additional Information

• Moreton Bay mangroves and associated communities interactive map viewer - WetlandInfo
• Mangroves - WetlandInfo
• Common mangroves - Queensland Department of Primary Industries
• MangroveWatch
• Mangrove Challenge
• Mangrove community dynamics - OzCoasts
• Mangroves and associated communities of Moreton Bay - WetlandInfo
• Serious Dieback of Mangroves around Mackay - University of Queensland

References

1. ^ a b Bruinsma, C & Danaher, K (2001), Queensland Coastal Wetland Resources: Round Hill Head to Tin Can Inlet.. [online], vol. QI99081, Department of Primary Industries, Queensland Government., Brisbane. Available at: http://era.daf.qld.gov.au/id/eprint/3545/.
2. ^ Danaher, K, Rasheed, M & Thomas, R (2005), The intertidal wetlands of Port Curtis, Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries.
3. ^ Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (2013), Red mangrove. [online] Available at: https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/business-priorities/fisheries/habitats/marine-plants-including-mangroves/common-mangroves/red-mangrove.
4. ^ Duke, N & Oosterzee, P (2017), Extreme weather likely behind worst recorded mangrove dieback in northern Australia. [online] Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Norman_Duke/publication/316877283_Extreme_weather_likely_behind_worst_recorded_mangrove_dieback_in_northern_Australia/links/591562300f7e9b70f49c5521/Extreme-weather-likely-behind-worst-recorded-mangrove-dieback-in-northern-Australia.pdf.
5. ^ Duke, NC (2006), Australia's mangroves. The authoritative guide to Australia's mangrove plants, University of Queensland, Brisbane.
6. ^ K. Danaher et al. (2005), Intertidal wetlands of Port Curtis. [online] Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242536512_Intertidal_wetlands_of_Port_Curtis.
7. ^ Lovelock, C (1993), Field guide to the mangroves of Queensland, AIMS.
8. ^ Lovelock, CE, Feller, IC, Reef, R, Hickey, S & Ball, MC (December 2017), 'Mangrove dieback during fluctuating sea levels', Scientific Reports. [online], vol. 7, no. 1, p. 1680. Available at: http://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-01927-6 [Accessed 30 May 2019].
9. ^ Queensland Government (2015), Mangroves. [online] Available at: https://www.qld.gov.au/environment/plants-animals/habitats/habitat/mangroves.
10. ^ Queensland Government (2016), Moreton Bay mangroves and associated communities interactive map viewer. [online] Available at: https://wetlandinfo.des.qld.gov.au/wetlands/resources/tools/mangroves-moreton-bay.html.
11. ^ Queensland Herbarium & Environmental Protection Agency, B (2005), Regional Ecosystem Description Database (REDD). Version 5.0. [online], Environmental Protection Agency, Brisbane. Available at: https://apps.des.qld.gov.au/regional-ecosystems/.
12. ^ Sheaves, M (2005), 'Nature and consequences of biological connectivity in mangrove systems', Marine Ecology Progress Series. [online], vol. 302, pp. 293-305. Available at: http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v302/p293-305/ [Accessed 15 March 2019].

Last updated: 18 July 2019