Other seagrass in deep water

Long description

Deep (greater than 10 metres) subtidal seagrass meadows dominated by unknown or unspecified growth form, which are likely to include Halophila spinulosa and other Halophila spp., but can also include Zostera muelleri subsp. capricorni*, Cymodocea rotundata, Cymodocea serrulata, Enhalus acoroides, Halodule pinifolia, Halodule uninervis, Thalassia hemprichii, Thalassodendron ciliatum and Syringodium isoetifolium. Deep water species typically have high tolerance to low light in deep water but growth is intermittent, recurrence in deeper water, and patchy spatially and temporally. It is mostly Halophila spp. that grow in these lower light conditions due to their lower biomass and associated lower respiratory and photosynthetic demands[20].

*Revision of Zostera capricorni has resulted in classification to subspecies. In Queensland, Zostera capricorni has been revised to Zostera muelleri subsp. capricorni[8].

Deep water seagrasses provide feeding habitat for dugong. In Western Australia, deep water meadows provide dugong habitat with evidence of long deep dives to feed on rhizomes with high nutrient content. Long, deep dives may be more costly in time and energy than the shorter dives characteristic of feeding in shallow water. H. spinulosa has large fleshy rhizomes similar to those known to contain abundant starch in other members of the genus and it is suggested that carbohydrate-rich rhizomes might compensate for the higher costs of foraging in deep water. Dugongs travelled along the deeper sea floor feeding on seagrass during long-distance movements, only coming to the surface to breathe[18].

Special values

Seagrasses provide a wide range of services, including:

• primary production, carbon fixation and nutrient removal
• support numerous herbivore- and detritivore-based food webs, including food for dugongs and green turtles (mostly H. uninervis and H. ovalis), and many fisheries species (e.g. prawns and fishes)
• fisheries habitat (e.g. food, refuge and reproduction)
• coastal protection, erosion control and sediment capture, and
• tourism, recreation, education and research[12][18][9].

The fisheries value of seagrass habitat as nursery grounds for juvenile commercial fish and prawn species in Queensland is well documented[15][19]. Not only do seagrass provide habitat for fish, but the proximity of seagrass meadows to other ecosystems (mangroves, coral reefs) increases their abundance in these ecosystems[6][13].

Seagrass meadows, particularly those containing H. uninervis and H. ovalis, provide food for dugong[18] and green sea turtles[10]. Dugongs feed mostly on the roots of mostly H. uninervis whereas green turtles tend to graze the leaves of mostly H. ovalis. Halodule uninervis[18] and H. ovalis[14] are reported to be the most nutritious seagrasses due to high nitrogen and starch content. Grazing of H. uninervis and H. ovalis has been shown to increase production of a nitrogen-rich standing crop[14][1][10].

Deep water seagrasses provide feeding habitat for dugong and potentially a refuge if nearshore seagrasses are impacted by runoff, low light / poor water clarity, high nutrients causing algal overgrowth etc. Potentially deep water seagrasses provide a refugia for dugong feeding when shallow nearshore seagrasses are impacted by flood runoff[18].

Diagnostic attributes

Inundation 'Subtidal'

Structural macrobiota 'Seagrass - other'

Benthic depth 'Deep (10-30m)'

Qualifiers

Seagrass ecosystems vary in Period and Trend (seasonally and from year to year). The species composition, extent and biomass of seagrass meadows can vary seasonally and between years. The extent and biomass of seagrass meadows along the Queensland east coast are typically maximal in late spring and summer, and minimal over winter[2][5][17].

Distribution

Seagrass meadows grow throughout the world’s coastal waters, with large areas along Queensland’s coastline. Approximately 58 species of seagrass have been recorded across the globe with about 30 recorded in Australian waters and at least 15 in Queensland (SeagrassWatch).

Halophila spp. are early colonisers and often found in areas subject to disturbance, such as the receiving waters of runoff from built up areas along the Queensland coastline. Colonising species typically have fast shoot turnover, short lifespan, fast sexual maturation and development of a (dormant) seed bank. They have low physiological resistance to disturbance but a rapid ability to recover[9].

The following relates to distribution of this ecosystem type within the Central Queensland mapping area:

• Seagrass mapping represents the maximum known extent of that ecosystem since 2000 and details concerning period and trend of each meadow are documented within the structural macrobiota attribute dataset.
• Very large areas of this ecosystem mapped in Central Queensland. Extensive seagrass meadows in Port Curtis are the only described large area of seagrass between Hervey Bay and Shoalwater Bay, and are therefore very important regionally[16][5].
• Seagrass meadows, particularly those containing H. uninervis and H. ovalis, provide food for dugong[18] and green sea turtles[10]. Both of these species were observed in Port Curtis during recent seagrass surveys[16]
• Spatial Inventory of seagrass in Hervey Bay, its tributaries/estuaries and the Great Sandy Strait was last updated in 2003 and seagrass meadows may have changed in extent since it was last mapped. Some estuarine seagrasses (excluding Baffle Creek) were mapped only once at a very broad scale 1984-88[11] and may either be absent or not represent current seagrass extent.
• Thalassia hemprichii does not occur in Central Queensland.

Comments

Other relevant attributes include Water clarity, Sediment texture, and Trace elements, together with Energy magnitude, Energy source (wave) and Freshwater volume however deeper seagrass tend to be less influenced by energy and freshwater except in a severe storm. Seagrasses need light to be able to photosynthesise and turbid water inhibits light penetration, thus the Benthic depth that light can penetrate is a major control. Severe storms (cyclones), and/or high rainfall, river discharge and the associated low Water clarity and high concentrations of nutrients and other potential contaminants, and sediment deposition leads to seagrass loss (see SeagrassWatch annual reports for inshore seagrass monitoring in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park[12][3]). Trace elements (nutrients N, P), herbicides and other contaminants are known to affect seagrass health and other Structural macrobiota. This includes epiphytic algae and macroalgae which are indicators of high nutrients.

Water temperature is also relevant. Marine heatwaves can also negatively impact seagrass meadows[4][12]. Deep meadows are generally less susceptible to temperature than shallow subtidal and intertidal seagrasses[7].

Mapping represents locations where seagrass has been recorded at some point in time, and therefore locations where seagrass may grow now or in the future providing environmental conditions are suitable (e.g. wave action, Water clarity, Sediment stability, Temperature and Trace elements (the presence of nutrients and other potential contaminants)).

Additional Information

Seagrass-Watch

Seagrass - Queensland Government

Seagrass (Case study: Hervey Bay seagrass and dugong) - Queensland Government

Saltmarshes, seagrasses and algae - Queensland Department of Primary Industries

Seagrasses in Queensland (pamphlet)

Seagrass - Department of the Environment, Tourism, Science and Innovation

Seagrasses - Australian Institute of Marine Science

A Vulnerability Assessment for the Great Barrier Reef (Seagrass) - Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority

Seagrass Restoration Network

References

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2. ^ Bruinsma, C & Danaher, K (2001), Queensland Coastal Wetland Resources: Round Hill Head to Tin Can Inlet.. [online], vol. QI99081, Department of Primary Industries, Queensland Government., Brisbane. Available at: http://era.daf.qld.gov.au/id/eprint/3545/.
3. ^ Campbell, SJ & McKenzie, LJ (2004), 'Flood related loss and recovery of intertidal seagrass meadows in southern Queensland, Australia', Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 477-490, Elsevier.
4. ^ Collier, CJ, Ow, YX, Langlois, L, Uthicke, S, Johansson, CL, O'Brien, KR, Hrebien, V & Adams, MP (23 August 2017), 'Optimum Temperatures for Net Primary Productivity of Three Tropical Seagrass Species', Frontiers in Plant Science. [online], vol. 8. Available at: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpls.2017.01446/full [Accessed 5 April 2019].
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6. ^ Gilby, B, Olds, A, Connolly, R, Maxwell, P, Henderson, C & Schlacher, T (8 February 2018), 'Seagrass meadows shape fish assemblages across estuarine seascapes', Marine Ecology Progress Series. [online], vol. 588, pp. 179-189. Available at: http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v588/p179-189/ [Accessed 15 March 2019].
7. ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA) (2012), Great Barrier Reef Coastal Ecosystems Assessment Framework. [online], GBRMPA, Townsville. Available at: http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/28254/Coastal-Ecosystems-Assessment-Framework.pdf.
8. ^ Jacobs, S & Les, D (26 October 2009), 'New combinations in Zostera (Zosteraceae)', Telopea. [online], vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 419-423. Available at: http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/emuwebnswlive/objects/common/webmedia.php?irn=55023&reftable=ebibliography [Accessed 25 March 2019].
9. ^ a b Kilminster, K, McMahon, K, Waycott, M, Kendrick, GA, Scanes, P, McKenzie, L, O'Brien, KR, Lyons, M, Ferguson, A & Maxwell, P (2005), 'Unravelling complexity in seagrass systems for management: Australia as a microcosm', Science of the Total Environment, vol. 534, pp. 97-109, Elsevier.
10. ^ a b c Kuiper-Linley, M, Johnson, CR & Lanyon, JM (2007), 'Effects of simulated green turtle regrazing on seagrass abundance, growth and nutritional status in Moreton Bay, south-east Queensland, Australia', Marine and Freshwater Research. [online], vol. 58, no. 5, p. 492. Available at: http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=MF06241 [Accessed 5 April 2019].
11. ^ Lee Long, W, Mellors, J & Coles, R (1993), 'Seagrasses between Cape York and Hervey Bay, Queensland, Australia', Marine and Freshwater Research. [online], vol. 44, no. 1, p. 19. Available at: http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=MF9930019 [Accessed 5 April 2019].
12. ^ a b c McKenzie, LJ, Collier, CJ, Langlois, LA, Yoshida, RL, Smith, N & Waycott, M (2018), Marine Monitoring Program: Annual Report for inshore seagrass monitoring 2016-2017. Report for the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority. [online], p. 248pp., Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville. Available at: http://elibrary.gbrmpa.gov.au/jspui/handle/11017/3398.
13. ^ Olds, AD, Connolly, RM, Pitt, KA & Maxwell, PS (2012), 'Primacy of seascape connectivity effects in structuring coral reef fish assemblages', Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 462, pp. 191-203, Inter-Research, Nordbuente 23 Oldendorf/Luhe 21385 Germany.
14. ^ a b Preen, AR, Long, WJL & Coles, RG (1995), 'Flood and cyclone related loss, and partial recovery, of more than 1000 km 2 of seagrass in Hervey Bay, Queensland, Australia', Aquatic Botany, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 3-17, Elsevier.
15. ^ Rasheed, MA, Lee Long, WJ, McKenzie, LJ, Roder, CA, Roelofs, AJ & Coles, RG (1996), Port of Karumba: seagrass monitoring baseline surveys, Dry-season (Oct.) 1994 - Wet-season (Mar.) 1995, Ports Corp. of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld..
16. ^ a b Rasheed, MA, Thomas, R, Roelofs, AJ, Neil, KM & Kerville, SP (2003), Port Curtis and Rodds Bay Seagrass andBenthic Macro-Invertebrate Community Baseline Survey.
17. ^ Sheaves, M (2005), 'Nature and consequences of biological connectivity in mangrove systems', Marine Ecology Progress Series. [online], vol. 302, pp. 293-305. Available at: http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v302/p293-305/ [Accessed 15 March 2019].
18. ^ a b c d e f Sheppard, JK, Preen, AR, Marsh, H, Lawler, IR, Whiting, SD & Jones, RE (2006), 'Movement heterogeneity of dugongs, Dugong dugon(Müller), over large spatial scales', Journal of experimental marine biology and ecology, vol. 334, no. 1, pp. 64-83, Elsevier.
19. ^ Watson, R, Coles, R & Lee Long, W (1993), 'Simulation estimates of annual yield and landed value for commercial penaeid prawns from a tropical seagrass habitat, Northern Queensland, Australia', Marine and Freshwater Research. [online], vol. 44, no. 1, p. 211. Available at: http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=MF9930211 [Accessed 8 April 2019].
20. ^ York, PH, Carter, AB, Chartrand, K, Sankey, T, Wells, L & Rasheed, MA (October 2015), 'Dynamics of a deep-water seagrass population on the Great Barrier Reef: annual occurrence and response to a major dredging program', Scientific Reports. [online], vol. 5, no. 1. Available at: http://www.nature.com/articles/srep13167 [Accessed 18 March 2019].

Last updated: 19 July 2019